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Xoan singing
''Xoan'' singing or ''hát xoan'' () is a genre of Vietnamese folk music performed in spring during the first two months of the lunar new year (''Tết'') in Phú Thọ Province.〔Ellen Koskoff, ed. (2008). ''The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Volume 2'', p.1307. ISBN 9780415972932. and Terry E. Miller, Sean Williams, eds. (2008). ''The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music'', p.265. ISBN 9780415960755.〕 The genre includes acting, ceremony, chant, dancing, drumming, and singing; with themes involve romance, riddles, and work.〔 Traditionally occurring in temples, shrines, and communal homes, the songs are performed by a guild, led by a ''trùm'', consisting of male instrumentalists, or ''kép'', and female singers, or ''đào''.〔Intangible Cultural Heritage: "(Xoan singing of Phú Thọ Province, Viet Nam )", ''UNESCO.org''.〕 A guild consists of ten to fifteen performers,〔 but there are few remaining, increasingly aging, guilds and teachers of this primarily oral tradition.〔
There are three types of xoan singing: honoring Hùng kings and village guardian spirits; wishing for good crops, health, and luck; and festive courtship songs alternating male and female voices.〔 The texture is "spare"; perfect fourths are prominent; and instruments include drums and clappers.〔
''Hát'' is singing or acting and "''xoan''" derives from "''xuân''" ("spring").〔 ''Hát xoan'' has been inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding since 2011.〔
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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